O Present Perfect é um tempo verbal que conecta o passado com o presente. Ele é usado para expressar ações ou situações que:

✅ Começaram no passado e continuam até o presente;

👉🏻 Normalmente usado com for (há) e since (desde).

I have lived here for five years.

She has worked there since 2010.

✅ Experiências de vida que aconteceram em um passado indefinido (sem mencionar o momento exato);

👉🏻 Foco na experiência, não no momento específico.

I have visited Japan. (Eu visitei o Japão.)

✅ Resultados ou consequências no presente

👉🏻 Algo que aconteceu no passado, mas tem efeito agora.

I have lost my keys. (Perdi minhas chaves.) → Não consigo entrar em casa agora.

He has broken his arm. (Ele quebrou o braço.) → Está com o braço imobilizado agora.

🌟 FORMAÇÃO DO PRESENT PERFECT

🛠 MARCADORES COMUNS DO PRESENT PERFECT

Just (acabou de) – I have just finished my homework.

Already (já) – She has already seen that movie.

Yet (ainda/não) – Have you finished yet? (Você já terminou?) She hasn’t arrived yet.

Ever (alguma vez) – Have you ever been to London?

Never (nunca) – I have never eaten sushi.

For (há/por) – I have known him for 10 years.

Since (desde) – We have lived here since 2015.

🚨 ERROS COMUNS NO PRESENT PERFECT

❌ ❌ Não usar o Present Perfect com tempo definido (yesterday, last week, in 2010…)

✔ I visited Japan in 2010. (Simple Past)

❌ I have visited Japan in 2010.

❌ ❌ Usar o Simple Past quando o impacto da ação ainda é relevante

✔  I have lost my wallet. (Importa agora porque ainda está perdida.)

❌ I lost my wallet. (Só usamos o Simple Past se o foco for no momento em que perdeu.)

🎯 EXERCÍCIOS

1. Cheque seu conhecimento através deste teste online, mas faça anotações no seu caderno para maior retensão do conteúdo.

2. Complete com o Present Perfect:

1. I (not / work)  ____________________ today.
2. She (finish) ____________________ her homework already.
3. We (buy)  ____________________ a new lamp.
4. We (not / plan)  ____________________ our holiday yet.
5. Have you ever (try) __________ sushi?
6. Where (be / you) ____________________ ?
7. He (write)  ____________________ five letters.
8. They (live) ____________________ in this house since 2018.
9. He ______ just (arrive) __________.
10. She (not / see)  ____________________ him for a long time.
11. (be / you)  ____________________ at school?
12. School (not / start) ____________________  yet.
13. (speak / he) ____________________ to his boss?
14. No, he (have / not) ____________________  the time yet.

RESPOSTAS EXERCÍCIO 2

1. have not worked
2. has finished
3. have bought
4. have not planned
5. tried
6. have you been
7. has written 
8. have lived
9. has just
10. has not seen
11. Have you been
12. has not started
13. Has he spoken
14. he hasn’t had

🌟 BONUS

Assista a este vídeo, que mostra o caminho inverso, a visão de Gavin, um falante nativo de inglês, aprendendo português.

There are some differences between these three ways of talking about the future. The differences are not always important; often we can use two or three different forms to talk about the same thing.

Look out! You’re going to break that glass! (I can see it now.)

Don’t give him a watch – he‘ll break it. (I think so, because I know him.)

Practice I: What’s the best form?

1. Perhaps we are going to / will meet again one day.
2. Look! Andy is going to / will fall off his bike!
3. I think you are going to / will love Paris.
4. Look at those clouds: it‘s going to / will rain.

‘We’ve got a letter from Jan.’ ‘Ok, I‘ll answer it.‘

‘There are a lot of letters to answer.’ ‘I know. ‘I‘m going to do them all on Tuesday.’

Practice II: Which one: I’ll or I’m going to?

1. I’ve decided (that) ……………… stop smoking.
2. ‘I don’t want to cook tonight.’ ‘All right, then. ……..cook.’
3. ‘I haven’t got any money.’ ‘No? OK. ………….. pay.’
4. ‘Do you want to go out tonight?’ ‘No, ………….. study English.’
5. ‘These pants are dirty.’ ‘Really? Oh, yes, they are. …………. wash them.’
6. ‘Is Ann eating with us?’ ‘Wait a minute. ………….. ask her.’

I‘m going to see Ann sometime soon.

I‘m meeting Ann at the theater at 8 pm.

Sarah‘s starting university on September 17.

Practice III: In three of these sentences, the present progressive is possible. Which three?

1. Jack is going to arrive at 4 pm.
2. I’m going to learn French one of these days.
3. I’m going to fly to Paris next year.
4. Mom’s going to tell me about her problems.
5. We’re all going to spend this month in Brazil.
6. Are you going to answer all those emails?

ANSWERS:

PRACTICE I: 1. will; 2. is going to; 3. will; 4. is going to

PRACTICE II: 1. I’m going to; 2. I’ll; 3. I’ll; 4. I’m going to; 5. I’ll; 6. I’ll

PRACTICE III: 1. Jack is arriving at 4.00.; 3. I’m flying to Paris next year.; 5. We’re all spending this month in Brazil.

Here is a clear, simple, focused, and entertaining video that supports what we’ve learned.

Now practice will and going to a little more. In which sentences the present progressive is possible?

Lesson from The Good Grammar Book, Michael Swan and video transcript.

Now watch the following video and make/take notes.

So, to form comparatives and superlatives, you need to know the number of syllables in the adjective. Syllables are like “sound beats.”

For instance:

• “find” contains one syllable,
• but “finding” contains two — find and ing.

Rules to form comparatives and superlatives

1. One syllable adjective ending in a silent ‘e’ — nice

• Comparative — add ‘r’ — nicer
• Superlative — add ‘st’ — nicest

2. One syllable adjective ending in a consonant, a vowel and another consonant — big

• Comparative — the consonant is doubled and ‘er’ is added —bigger
• Superlative — the consonant is doubled and ‘est’ is added—biggest

3. One syllable adjective ending in more than one consonant or more than a vowel — high, cheap, soft.

• Comparative — ‘er’ is added — higher, cheaper, softer.
• Superlative — ‘est is added — highest, cheapest , softest.

4. A two syllable adjective ending in ‘y’ — happy

• Comparative — ‘y’ becomes ‘i’ and ‘er’ is added — happier
• Superlative — ‘y’ becomes ‘i’ and ‘est’ is added — happiest

5. Two syllable or more adjectives without ‘y’ at the end — exciting

• Comparative — more + the adjective + than — more exciting than
• Superlative — more + the adjective + than — the most exciting

Examples:

• The Nile River is longer and more famous than the Thames.
• Egypt is hotter than Sweden.
• Everest is the highest mountain in the world.
• This is one of the most exciting films I have ever seen.

Irregular comparatives and superlatives

Similarities

To express similarities use the following structure:

Examples:

• Mike is as intelligent as Nancy.
• Larry is as popular as Oprah.

Comparative and superlative exercises

Complete the sentences with the most appropriate comparative or superlative phrase of the adjective given.

1. Mary is  ____________________ (lazy) student in the class.

2. Rob’s apartment is  _________________ (nice) mine.

3. Elephants are  ____________________ (fat) camels.

4. Kim is   _______________________ (small) of all my friends.

5. I think tornadoes are _______________________ (bad) hurricanes because they occur more often and are much more unpredictable.

6. Laura speaks English  ______________________ (good) Susan.

More exercises on comparatives and superlatives.

And now the funniest practice ever! With songs! Listen and complete. 😉

Complete the following sentences:

Would you like to come to lunch with Noah and ___?

Just between you and ___ …

When the word in question is the object of a preposition and not the subject of a sentence or phrase, we should use the object pronoun.

A subject pronoun is the performer of the action in a sentence.

The object pronoun is the receiver of the action in a sentence.

So the correct answers are:

Would you like to come to lunch with Noah and me?

Just between you and me…

I is a subject pronoun and me is an object pronoun. 

I like chocolate. / The call is for me.

So a good way to check yourself is to remove the other person.

And just one more important thing:

It is considered polite to mention oneself last in double subjects or objects.

Why don’t you and I go away for the weekend?

The invitation was for Tracy and me.