Phrasal verbs

Então, o que são phrasal verbs?

Phrasal verbs são duas ou mais palavras que juntas resultam em uma nova palavra.

Muito comuns no inglês falado, os phrasal verbs podem ser bastante confusos, pois seus significados nem sempre são fáceis de deduzir – e existem milhares deles. Na verdade, muitos phrasal verbs são variações distintas do mesmo verbo base, o que pode causar dúvidas.

Vejamos o phrasal verb get over, por exemplo. O verbo get significa “adquirir”, e a preposição “over” geralmente refere-se a estar mais alto ou acima de algo. No entanto, junte-os, e o phrasal verb get over significa “recuperar” ou “superar”, portanto, um novo significado.

Two-part verbs

São os phrasal verbs formados por um verbo e uma partícula:

  • grow + up
    The children are growing up.
  • take + after
    She takes after her mother.
    (= She looks like her mother or she behaves like her mother.)
  • count + on
    I know I can count on you.
    (= I know I can trust you or I know I can believe you.)

Inseparable phrasal verbs

Alguns two-part verbs possuem somente um padrão, os inseparable phrasal verbs, ou seja, não podem ser separados:

SubjectVerbParticleObject
The childrenare growingup.
Shetakesafterher mother.
Ican countonyou.

Mas outros two-part verbs possuem dois padrões. O usual é o separable:

Separable phrasal verbs

Quando o separable phrasal verb é seguido por um substantivo, podemos separá-lo ou não.

Noun (subject)VerbNoun (object)Particle
Shegavethe moneyback.
Heknockedthe glassover.
Wewill be leavingour friendsbehind.

A seguir, os advérbios mais comuns em um phrasal verb, que indicam que ele pode ser separável –SEPARABLE:

Apart, around, away, back , behind, down, out, over, together, off, over, up.

Mas que também aceitam o padrão INSEPARABLE:

Noun (subject)VerbParticleNoun (object)
Shegavebackthe money.
Heknockedoverthe glass.
Wewill be leavingbehindour friends.

Quando o phrasal verb é seguido por um um PRONOME PESSOAL (Imeyou, we, us), o verbo e a partícula devem sempre ser separados, ou seja, são sempre SEPARABLE:

  • She gave it back(NOT She gave back it.)
  • He knocked it over(NOT He knocked over it.)
  • We will be leaving them behind(NOT We will be leaving behind them.)

Three-part verbs

Alguns verbos são compostos por três partes: um verbo e duas partículas. Eles seguem o padrão INSEPARABLE:

Noun (subject)VerbParticleParticleNoun (object)
His girlfriendwalkedoutonhim.
Shecaughtupwiththe other runners.
Childrenshould lookuptotheir parents.

Os phrasal verbs são usados do mesmo modo que um verbo qualquer, ou seja, em qualquer forma ou tempo:

Simple past tense:  

  • I had the flu last week but got over it. 

Infinitive: 

  • I rested last week to get over the flu. 

Gerund: 

  • I spent last week getting over the flu.

Observe que apenas o verbo é conjugado. A ou as partículas que o seguem, permanecem como são.

Agora vamos praticar?

“Between you and ___: I or me?”

Complete the following sentences:

Would you like to come to lunch with Noah and ___?

Just between you and ___ …

When the word in question is the object of a preposition and not the subject of a sentence or phrase, we should use the object pronoun.

A subject pronoun is the performer of the action in a sentence.

The object pronoun is the receiver of the action in a sentence.

So the correct answers are:

Would you like to come to lunch with Noah and me?

Just between you and me

I is a subject pronoun and me is an object pronoun

I like chocolate. / The call is for me.

So a good way to check yourself is to remove the other person.

And just one more important thing:

It is considered polite to mention oneself last in double subjects or objects.

Why don’t you and I go away for the weekend?

The invitation was for Tracy and me.

Question words – asking questions

  • WHO (for people)
  • WHAT/WHICH (for things)
  • WHEN (for time)
  • WHERE (for places)
  • WHY (for reasons)
  • WHOSE (for possession)
  • HOW (for more details)

Questions are quite tricky. Let’s just go over the main rules.

PRACTICE

Now watch the video and look at the examples of questions. They are in red in the subtitles. Transcribe the conversation to learn more. Read and study the information provided below, and finally, do the grammar exercises to check you understand and can use questions correctly.

https://youtu.be/GtUusxnP6Oo

We usually form questions by putting an auxiliary verb, or a modal verbbefore the subject:

Does it suit me?
Has Mum called?
Can you get the tea?
Shall I pass you to Oliver?

When the verb ‘to be’ is the main verb, we don’t use auxiliary verbs:

Is Oliver there?
Was it good?

We can add question words to get more or different information:

Where did you go swimming? > In the swimming pool in town.
Why did you go there? > Because it’s a nice, big pool.
Who did you go swimming with? > With Amy.
What time did you meet Amy? > At 10 o’clock.
Which pool did you go in? > The serious one, without the slides!
How did you get there? > On the bus.

Questions sometimes finish with prepositions:

Who were you out with?
What have you got that bag for?
What’s all that about?
Where are you calling from?

SUBJECT AND OBJECT QUESTIONS

If whowhat or which is the subject of the question, it comes before the verb and we don’t use do as an auxiliary:

Who went out for curry? (subject – who)
What happened? (subject – what)
Which looks better, this or that one? (subject – which)

Object questions follow the structure we looked at before:

Who did you go out for curry with? (subject – you; object – who)
Which restaurant does Oliver like most? (subject – Oliver; object – which)
What did they do after the restaurant? (subject – they; object – what)

TEST YOURSELF

Here’s a little test for you, then. A cat killed a mouse and a dog killed the cat.

1 What killed the mouse?
2 What did the cat kill?
3 What killed the cat?
4 What did the dog kill?

Answers: 1 the cat, 2 the mouse, 3 the dog, 4 the cat.

REPORTED SPEECH QUESTIONS

Reported speech questions are more polite, especially if you are talking to a stranger:

Do you know where the post office is?’

And we can make them even more polite.

Excuse me, could you tell me where the post office is, please?’

In reported speech or indirect questions, question words come in the middle of sentences. In these types of sentence, the word order does not change. We don’t put the verb to be before the subject or use an auxiliary to form a question, as in a normal question:

I asked her what she was doing at the weekend. 
Do you know where the post office is?
Can you tell me how much it costs?

What are you doing at the weekend?
Where is the post office?
How much does it cost?

EXERCISES

1. Check your grammar – complete the gaps with a question word below.

What / Where / How / How often / When / Why / Who / Whose

1. A: ____________________ are you going on holiday? B: Next Friday.

2. A: ____________________ are you going? B: Croatia.

3. A: ____________________ bought the tickets? B: My mum did.

4. A: ____________________ do you go on holiday? B: Once every two years.

5. A: ____________________ don’t you go more often? B: Because we don’t want to.

6. A: ____________________ do you do the other years? B: We relax in the garden and visit friends.

7. A: ____________________ do you choose your holiday destination? B: We use the internet.

8. A: And ____________________ idea was it to go to Croatia? B: Our neighbours recommended it.

2. Check your grammar – circle the correct sentence.

1. a. What you have for lunch? b. What did you have for lunch? c. What had you for lunch?

2. a. Who is that letter from? b. From who is that letter? c. Who is from that letter?

3. a. She always sings in the shower? b. Sings she always in the shower? c. Does she always sing in the shower?

4. a. Can we go and visit Gran? b. We can go and visit Gran? c. Can go and visit Gran?

5. a. Who you bought those boots? b. Who bought you those boots? c. Who did buy you those boots?

6. a. Do you go to the cinema how often? b. How often do you go to the cinema? c. How often you go to the cinema?

7. a. What did he in Germany? b. What he did in Germany? c. What did he do in Germany?

8. a. Would you like another piece of cake? b. Do you would like another piece of cake? c. Do you like another piece of cake?

3. Check your grammar – ordering

Write the words in the correct order to make questions.

1. to Who were you ? talking …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..

2. are at they ? looking What …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..

3. music ? down the you Could turn …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..

4. is for What homework the today ? …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..

5. Who that photo ? took …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..

6. match time does ? the start What …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..

7. you How clean often ? do teeth your …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..

8. penguins bears Why don’t ? polar eat …………………………………………………………………………………….…………………..

ANSWERS

1. Check your grammar: gap fill 1. When 2. Where 3. Who 4. How often 5. Why 6. What 7. How 8. whose

2. Check your grammar: multiple choice 1. b 2. a 3. c 4. a 5. b 6. b 7. c 8. a

3. Check your grammar: ordering 1. Who were you talking to? 2. What are they looking at? 3. Could you turn the music down? 4. What is the homework for today? 5. Who took that photo? 6. What time does the match start? 7. How often do you clean your teeth? 8. Why don’t polar bears eat penguins?

Present Simple Tense

  • I speak English.

“I” is a subject. In general, a person.

“Speak” is a verb. In general, an action.

You can change the subject. For example:

  • You speak English.

BUT, sometimes the verb changes. We say:

  • I speak …
  • You speak …
  • We speak …
  • They speak …

BUT, For He / She / It we use SPEAKS with an S at the end.
The S is necessary at the end of a verb when the subject is HESHE, or IT.

  • He speaks
  • She speaks
  • It speaks

Look at these examples:

  • speak Spanish.
  • You speak Portuguese.

But…

  • He speaks Italian.

Sometimes the verb changes a little for HE, SHE and IT (third person).
Look at this verb: HAVE
We say:

  • I have a good idea.
  • You have black hair.

BUT, for He / She / It we use HAS.
We do NOT say Haves… because the verb is irregular.
Look at these examples:

  • She has a dictionary.
  • John has blue eyes.

Negative Sentences – Present Simple Tense

Look at this sentence:

  • They speak English.

This is an affirmative sentence.
How can I make this a NEGATIVE sentence?

In English, we use don’t and doesn’t to make a negative sentence in present simple tense.*

  • They speak English. … becomes …
  • They don’t speak English.

* Exceptions: Negative sentences that use To Be or Modal Verbs (can, might, must, etc.)

When the subject is I, YOU, WE or THEY … we use don’t before the verb.
When the subject is HE, SHE or IT … we use doesn’t before the verb.
DON’T is a contraction of DO NOT.
DOESN’T is a contraction of DOES NOT.

After don’t and doesn’t we have a VERB.
This verb is the base form of the infinitive.
The infinitive is the original form of the verb before it is conjugated or changed.
The infinitive is to goto needto speakto live.
But we want the BASE form of the infinitive… this is without the TO at the beginning.

  • Instead of TO GO, only GO.
  • instead of TO NEED, only NEED.
  • Instead of TO SPEAK, only SPEAK.
  • Instead of TO LIVE, only LIVE.

Let’s look at the example of the verb SPEAK. We say:

  • don’t speak …
  • You don’t speak …
  • We don’t speak …
  • They don’t speak …

BUT, look at this affirmative sentence:

  • He speaks Spanish.

What is the negative form of this sentence?

  • He doesn’t speak Spanish.

Questions – Present Simple Tense

Look at this sentence.

  • You speak English.

This is an affirmative sentence. What is the question?

  • DO you speak English?

In English, we use DO and DOES to make questions in present simple tense.*

* Exceptions: Questions that have To Be or Modal Verbs (can, might, must, etc.)

  • You speak English. (Affirmative sentence)
  • Do you speak English? (Question)

The word DO at the beginning tells us it is a question.

Do is used for questions with I, you, we, and they.
Does is used for questions with he, she, and it.

Also the same rules apply to the verb in questions.
We use the base form of the infinitive.
For example, the affirmative sentence:

  • He speaks German.

There is an S at the end of speaks because the subject is HE and it is an affirmative sentence.
What is the question?

  • Does he speak German?

Exercises – Present Simple Tense

My daughter and “I” or “me”?

It depends.

  • MY DAUGHTER AND I had a great time together.
  • THEY PREPARED A NICE DINNER FOR MY DAUGHTER AND ME.

A SUBJECT PRONOUN is the PERFORMER of the action in a sentence.

The OBJECT PRONOUN is the RECEIVER of the action in a sentence.

I” is a Subject Pronoun, and “ME” is an Object Pronoun. 

  • like chocolate.
  • The call is for me.

ONE SUBJECT OR OBJECT:

  • I called Steve.
  • I talked to Mary.
  • Steve called me.
  • Mary talked to me.
  • These shoes are too big for me.

CLUE 1  AFTER A PREPOSITIONuse an OBJECT PRONOUN

We get confused when we use a PRONOUN IN A PAIR, which it’s called:

MULTIPLE OR COMPOUND SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS:

  • Sarah and I are friends.
  • The gift is from Sarah and me.

CLUE 1 after a preposition, use an object pronoun

CLUE 2 REMOVE the OTHER PERSON

  • The gift is from me.

IMPORTANT: IT IS CONSIDERED POLITE TO MENTION ONESELF LAST IN DOUBLE SUBJECTS OR OBJECTS

  • Bob and I had lunch.
  • They promoted Bob and me.

NOTICE that it is possible that the object comes in the beginning of the sentence.

It is me who proofread the content before it was submitted.

CLUE 3 very often, AFTER THE VERB TO BE WE USE THE OBJECT PRONOUN

  • It is you and me in this old photo.
  • I am me, and you are you.
  • That person over there is me in the photo.

LISTENING AND PRACTICE 1

PRACTICE 2  https://www.tolearnenglish.com/exercises/exercise-english-2/exercise-english-27939.php

PRACTICE 3  https://www.grammarbook.com/grammar_quiz/i_vs_me.asp

DIVIDED USAGE Some forms have always existed in the language, but have been eradicated by eighteenth and nineteenth century British grammarians, often because they thought that English grammar should imitate Latin, which was considered a superior language. Examples:

  • John and me went to the cinema.
  • between you and I

People are now more tolerant of such forms, so they are becoming more common.

They are, however, restricted to a very informal style. They are not correct in formal speech or writing.