Rare snowfall

cold front reached southern Brazil from the 26th, Monday, causing rainIn its rear, a mass of cold air of polar origin advanced into the country.

Temperatures fell/dropped to below zero, with rare snowfall overnight in some places – as the polar air mass advanced toward the center-south. Ice and snow accumulated on the streets of cities where the wintry phenomenon was rarely seen. 

Many cities in the mountains of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, the two southernmost states, registered either snow or freezing rain late Wednesday. The unusually extreme weather in the country’s south kept the thermometers between 0 and 5° C in the early hours of Wednesday and during Thursday. Some places still had below-freezing (sub-zero) temperatures.

The relative humidity, the gusts of wind, the frost, and, consequently, the wind chill factor made us feel the cold even more intense.

Cars, streets, and highways were blanketed in ice while people took the opportunity to take pictures and play in the snowbuilding/making snowmen.

Snow is uncommon in Brazil, even in its southern region during the Southern Hemisphere’s winter. Brazil’s last blizzard (a severe snowstorm) was in 1957 when 1.3 meters of snow was recorded in a city in Santa Catarina state.

So, what can we do about it? Here are some tips.

Note: It’s the first time I decide to raise the issue of “ice safety.” Well,I guess change is everywhere. ?

Don’t miss out on the previous lessons on the weather!

Ways to say “you’re welcome”

We all know that it’s polite to say “Thank you” to someone after they’ve done something good or helpful.

And as you hear words like “please,” “thank you,” “sorry,” “excuse me,” learning your manners in English can help you sound like a native speaker. If you don’t use them in certain circumstances, it even doesn’t look like you’re speaking English! Yeah! That’s what my experience with the English language tells me!

So if someone thanks you for something, what could you say in reply?

“You’re welcome” is by far the most common response, and there is nothing wrong with using it. That is the standard reply, and although it is, most of the time, an automatic and natural response, it’s a little bit overused. 

So it’s essential to expand your vocabulary and knowledge of English so that you have different responses, which do have slightly different meanings.

“You’re Welcome” is part of good manners

in English

If you want to sound more native, though, then in many cases, you might not even say “you’re welcome” but a variation instead!

So here is a little skit that shows you other ways to respond to a “thank you.” Try to watch it with English subtitles off. Listen carefully to pronunciation. Then watch it again with the English subtitles on, if you need them. Do that with all the videos below. 

So here are some useful expressions to respond to people’s thanks.

  • You’re welcome. (neutral)
  • You’re quite welcome. / You’re very welcome. / You’re so welcome. / You’re truly welcome. (formal)
  • Don’t mention it. (informal)
  • No worries. / Don’t worry about it. (informal)
  • It was no problem. / Not a problem. / No problem. (informal workplace/social) / No prob! (slang)
  • Sure. / Sure, no worries. / Sure thing. / Sure, anytime. (informal)
  • The pleasure is mine. / It’s my pleasure. / It was my pleasure. / With pleasure. / My pleasure. / Pleasure. (professional and social situations)
  • I’m happy I can help. / I’m happy to help. / I’m glad to help. / Happy to help. (professional and social situations)
  • It was nothing. / It’s nothing. (informal)
  • Anytime! (informal workplace and social situations)

Watch the last two responses from Bob below.

The following material has a quiz in it. 

And to finish, one more thing!
Next time you thank someone, don’t be surprised if they respond with “Thank YOU!”
If someone says this, it means that not only were you helped, but you were helping someone else in return.

You can also check Common ways to say thank you and Thank you for the gift if you need.

Keep warm!

Southern hemisphere winter officially began on Monday, June 21, and runs until September 22, 2021.

Brrr! The Cold weather lesson shows some vocabulary to describe these sometimes sunny days, sometimes rainy, or days when the winter temperatures dip low.

And the only thing I can think of, to tell people is:

“Make sure you keep warm!”

To keep/stay warm means to keep your body warm, meaning wear the right clothes or do the correct activity or thing to keep yourself warm (referring to body temperature).

Stay warm implies that the person is already warm. So, like, if a delivery guy comes to your house and complains about the cold while you are having a friendly conversation, as he leaves, you might say, “Keep warm today!”

So, they are often used as a closing, in place of or immediately following “goodbye.”

Stay is a less active verb than keep. Keep indicates more intentionality. They’re interchangeable.

Next, a few tips to deal with cold weather. Listen to them and look up the words you don’t know. Notice pronunciation and how words are combined. Take notes.

For other closing expressions related to the pandemic, check out Stay safe.

“Clear skies”

Absolutely “clear skies”!

Have you ever heard that? First of all, why do we use the plural “skies” if there is only one sky over all the earth?

So do we say sky or skies?

The use of the words sky and skies is completely dependent upon context.

sky

noun  /skaɪ/ [countable, uncountable](plural skies)

The space above the earth that you can see when you look up, where clouds and the sun, moon and stars appear.

You usually say the sky. When sky is used with an adjective, use a… sky.

  • The sky suddenly went dark and it started to rain.

 in the sky 

  • What’s that in the sky?
  • The sun was shining brightly and there was not a single cloud in the sky.

across the sky 

  • White clouds moved fast across the sky.

 under a sky 

  • A crowd gathered in the square under an overcast sky.

meteors falling from the sky

the night sky

a cloudless sky

You can also use the plural form skies, especially when you are thinking about the great extent of the sky.

cloudless skies

Skies are also used when referring to the sky in a particular place when describing the weather or what the sky looks like in a place.

The plural is not mandatory in these cases, but it is generally viewed as the correct grammatical usage.

  • a land of blue skies and warm sunshine 
  • The skies are overcast, and it is chilly and damp.
  • Clear skies could well mean temperatures dropping tonight.
  • The forecast calls for clear skies with a chance of thunderstorms later on.

Skies has more of a poetic or literary meaning, which is used to express heavenly power as in reach for the skies.

People also tend to be poetic about the freedom that comes with an open sky or compare a happy day to having a cloudless sky.

Also, look at the following usage in an economic forecast context.

And just wrapping up this lesson, clear not clean skies, okay?

Clear skies mean clean and fresh, without clouds or mist.

  • a clear June morning
  • The skies were clear and blue.

Cold weather

Autumn mornings are often chilly. In chilly weather, you might want a light jacket, but you won’t need a heavy coat, or a scarf, or anything like that.

So chilly means that it’s a little cold. Not very cold, just a little cold.

But what if it’s very cold? You could say that it’s freezing.

Freezing means that it is very cold. Not just chilly, but very cold.

What’s the weather like? showed the more basic answers and vocabulary.

Weather expressions taught useful weather expressions, new words, phrases, and common patterns you can use to describe different kinds of weather.

But if you still didn’t find the exact words to describe the weather where you are, listen to the ones used in the following video, that you might need to describe those sunny days, stormy days, and all those in between, especially during cold weather such as:

  • damp that means that something is slightly wet;
  • overcast that means that the clouds are covering the sky and you cannot see the sun.

Take noteslook up the words you don’t know, and pay attention to pronunciation. It’s an old video, but it’s useful.