The 2020 presidential elections in the US, in which President Donald Trump faces the Democrat candidate Joe Biden, are causing a lot of controversy. In the US many votes are cast digitally and there were plans to enlist the help of hackers to reduce the risk of cyber-attacks on election day.

Here is a lesson that teaches us the vocabulary to discuss this initiative. 

In 2000 the presidential race between Al Gore and George W. Bush ended in recounts and disputes over missing votes. George Bush became the first modern president to win the election despite gaining fewer popular votes than his opponent. How many fewer votes than Gore did Bush win by in the 2000 American presidential election? 

a) half a million votes

b) a million votes 

c) two million votes

Listen to the programme to find out the answer. 

Vocabulary 

volunteer
someone who works willingly without being paid, because they want to 

hacker
someone who breaks into computer systems without permission in order to find information or do something illegal 

eligible
qualified to do something by having the necessary requirements 

high-profile
attracting a lot of attention and interest from the public, newspapers and the media 

(have) the keys to the castle
(idiom) information or knowledge which gives the possessor access to power 

cybersecurity
measures that are taken to protect organisations and their computer information against crimes and attacks carried out through the internet

Transcript 

Rob
Hello. This is 6 Minute English from BBC Learning English. I’m Rob. 

Sam
And I’m Sam.

Rob
When it comes to US presidential elections, some are more dramatic than others. 

Sam
But few elections have been as controversial as this November’s contest between current President Trump and his Democratic rival, Joe Biden. 

Rob
In America, where many votes are cast digitally, there is a risk of cyber-attacks on election day and with so much depending on the result, US election officials are worried. 

Sam
In this programme we’ll be hearing about plans to prevent election cyber-attacks which involve election officials working with a very unusual group of people: volunteer hackers. Volunteers are people who work willingly, without being paid… 

Rob
… and hackers are people who break into computer systems without permission in order to find information or do something illegal. 

Sam
But cyber-attacks from hackers are not the only threat to fair and democratic elections. 

Rob
In 2000 the presidential race between Al Gore and George W. Bush ended in recounts and disputes over missing votes. George Bush became the first modern president to win the election despite gaining fewer popular votes than his opponent – but how many fewer? That’s our quiz question – how many fewer votes did Bush win than Gore in the 2000 American presidential election? Was it:
a) half a million votes?,
b) a million votes?,  or
c) two million votes?

Sam
I’ll say b) a million votes. 

Rob
OK, we’ll find out later. Now, the project Sam mentioned, where official administrators team up with expert volunteers to keep the election secure, is called The Election Cyber Surge. 

Sam
BBC World Service programme Digital Planet met up with project organiser Maya Worman to discuss the importance of keeping the election free from interference.

Maya Worman
Any attempt to manipulate or interfere with election infrastructures – the machines or the information sets that determine who is eligible to vote and where – undermines the right to vote. And it puts burdens on voters and it impacts public confidence; and high-profile elections, especially like the one coming up, heighten the types of risks that we’re talking about. 

Rob
You can only vote in an election if you are eligible – qualified by having the necessary requirements, for example being a US citizen who’s aged 18 or over. 

Sam
It’s up to each of the eight thousand local jurisdictions around the United States to keep their area free from cyber-attacks and misinformation – risks which have increased because the coming election is so high-profile – attracting a lot of attention and interest from newspapers and the public.

Rob
The Cyber Surge project to put expert volunteers in touch with local officials aims to prevent these risks. It covers everything from making sure administrators are using the latest anti-virus software to more serious threats from troublemakers. 

Sam
Now that’s got me thinking actually, Rob. Suppose I’m a troublemaker who wants to influence the election result – so I sign up as a volunteer and gain access to all kinds of information. How do we know that the volunteers who sign up are trustworthy? 

Rob
That’s a good question, Sam, and one that BBC World Service programme, Digital Planet, put to Maya Worman. 

Maya Worman
The expectation is not that the volunteer will have the keys to the castle by any means, more that they will have an open dialogue with an election administrator who wants to know more to explore cybersecurity enhancements in general or specifically. 

Sam
Volunteers are carefully selected according to their experience and skills in cybersecurity – measures that help organisations and countries keep their computer information safe against crimes and attacks carried out through the internet. 

Rob
Volunteers share their expert advice by talking with election officials. They won’t be given access to sensitive information so they won’t have the keys to the castle – an idiom meaning to possess information or knowledge which gives the possessor access to power. 

Sam
All of which means that the 2020 election result will, hopefully, be accepted by everyone. 

Rob
Unlike the situation twenty years ago. 

Sam
Ah, you mean our quiz question, Rob, about the 2000 US presidential election which George W. Bush won despite securing fewer votes than his opponent. 

Rob
I asked you how many fewer votes Bush won than Al Gore that year. 

Sam
And I said b) a million votes. 

Rob
But in fact, it was even closer – just a) half a million votes in Florida. 

Sam
In this programme we’ve been looking ahead to the US presidential elections and its cybersecurity – measures taken to protect countries and their computer information against online crimes and attacks. 

Rob
The Cyber Surge project aims to put officials in touch with volunteers – people who work for free, who also happen to be expert hackers – people who break into computer systems without permission. 

Sam
But the idea isn’t to commit election crime – rather to prevent it by making sure only those who are eligible – or qualified – to vote, do so. 

Rob
The project was set up because the November 2020 election has become so high-profile – attracting a lot of attention and interest from the public and the media. 

Sam
And of course the volunteers themselves are carefully chosen to be impartial experts who give advice without holding the keys to the castle – an idiom about possessing information which gives access to power. 

Rob
What’s certain is that the world will be watching this election, so if you’re eligible, remember to vote. 

Sam
And remember to join us again soon. Bye for now! 

Rob
Bye bye! 

What do you think? Do you feel safe casting your vote digitally?  Is the public accepting election hacking as a new normal? And would election hacking be the end of democracy as we know it?

https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningenglish/english/features/6-minute-english/ep-201015

The 2020 United States presidential election was held on November 3, 2020. Voters selected presidential electors who, in turn, will vote on December 14, 2020, to either elect a new president and vice president or reelect Donald Trump and Mike Pence, respectively.

Let’s start by learning some useful vocabulary and phrases that you need to know to be able to talk about elections. Get your notebook, listen carefully, and write down the new words. Firstly, an introductory lesson.

Next, another lesson that teaches a few more words and a useful expression.

Here are the words and phrases from the lesson.

1) apolitical – not connected to a political party

2) two-party-system – when two parties dominate politics

3) independent – a voter who is not registered with a political party

4) moderate – someone who does not have extreme views

5) primary – when voters chose who will be the candidate for that party

6) cast (one’s) ballot – to vote

7) popular vote – the total number of votes a candidate receives

8) Electoral College – a group of people, electors, who cast votes for the election of president

9) winner-take-all – all the votes from one state will go to the candidate who wins

10) partisan – strongly supporting a person or party without considering the matter carefully

11) amend – to change or alter something

12) red state – state that strongly supports Republicans

13) blue state – state that strongly supports Democrats

14) purple state – state with a mix of Democrat and Republican support

15) swing state – state whose votes could go to either the Democrats or Republicans

16) battleground state – means the same as swing state

17) lean left – state that is more likely to vote for the Democrats

18) lean right – state that is more likely to vote for the Republicans

19) fundraise – to collect money for a particular purpose

20) campaign – an organized political group trying to achieve a particular aim

21) PAC / Super PAC – an organization that raises money privately to influence elections

22) civic duty – the responsibilities of citizens of a country

23) civil discourse – conversations concerning ordinary citizens

24) head to the polls – to go vote at a polling location

25) absentee ballot – when someone requests a ballot from election officials and votes by mail

26) mail-in-voting – when election ballots are sent to all registered voters in the state

27) rigged – to dishonestly arrange something to achieve a desired outcome

28) voter suppression – when people are not allowed to vote or discouraged from voting

29) concede – to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true

30) contest an election – when the validity of the results is challenged by the losing candidate

Okay! Now we have the essential vocabulary to join in a discussion about the US election, which is an international event and always draws intense worldwide interest.

Trump won the 2016 election even though Hillary Clinton got 3 million more votes. Watch this video to understand how the US election process works and try to answer the questions below.

QUESTIONS

1. How is the next US president elected in the presidential election?
a: by popular vote
b. by the electoral college
c. by each state

2. How many electoral votes do you need to become president?
a. 270 or more
b. none
c. all 538

3. How many times in the last five US elections has the president won despite getting fewer overall popular votes?
a. once
b. twice
c. five times

4. What does it mean ‘to rubber stamp’ the presidential candidate in the US presidential election?
a. to put a stamp on your postal vote envelope
b. to change your mind about who to vote for
c. to officially endorse the presidential candidate by voting for them without questioning your decision

ANSWERS

1.b; 2.a; 3.b; 4.c

What do you think about this system? How would you compare it to our Brazilian system?